JBCS

INTRODUCTION

Organotin(IV) complexes (OTCs) have been investigated on account of broad spectrum of their uses in daily field of life. Particularly, organotin(IV) esters have been given importance on account of their applications in the fields of pesticide, antibacterial, and antitumor agents, wood preservatives, among others.^1-4

On the other hand, amino acids and their derivatives show antioxidant activity and enhanced hormonal immunity which inhibits lactic acid level. Interestingly, glycine acts as antioxidant as well as improves hormonal immune system. Therefore, ligand N,N-diacetylglycine has been synthesized on the basis of potential of glycine described in the literature.^3-5

The organotin(IV) esters have been given special attention in the recent years due to their excellent pharmacological importance.^5,6 Moreover, organotin esters of amino acids and N-protected amino acids have been reported as biocides for example, tricyclohexyltin(IV) alaninate is used as fungicide and bactericide and trialkyltin(IV) derivatives of both amino acids and N-acetylamino acids play as intermediate role for the synthesis of peptides.^7-9 In the last two decades very little literature is found on the organotin(IV) esters of N-protected amino acids.^10-14 On account of broad spectrum of applications of organotin(IV) carboxylates as well N-protected amino acids and interesting finding of our earlier research work here we report the spectroscopic characterization, and preliminary biological investigation of OTCs of N,N-diacetylglycine.^15-17 The toxicity bioassays were also studied in addition to antibacterial and insecticidal bioassays of all 1-7 OTCs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi strains with clinical interest and Monomorium minimum, mealybug and tribolium castaneum pests insects, respectively.¹⁸

 

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials and instruments

Glycine, di-n-butyltin(IV) oxide, triphenyltin(IV) chloride, tricyclohexyltin(IV) chloride and triethylamine of Merck Chemicals were used as such. The di- and tri-benzyltin(IV) chloride were prepared according to reported procedure.¹⁹ All organic solvents were dried as per reported procedures.²⁰ The FTIR spectra were carried out on a JASCO 302-ghgA spectrometer by KBr sampling technique from 4000-400 cm^-1. Finnigan MAT 12 spectrometer was used to record EI-MS spectra for the determination of % m/z. Bruker AM 400 NMR was used to record ¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn spectra at HEJ Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi. The chemical shifts were reported relative to (CH₃)₄Si and (CH₃)₄Sn signal used as internal standards. Enoxacin as reference drug was used to determine antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Half maximal lethal dose (LD₅₀) of compounds was determined by Brine Shrimp hatching method as reported.²¹

Synthesis of N,N-diacetylglycine (NNDAG)

Glycine 5 g (66.7 mmol) and acetyl chloride 10.0 mL (133.4 mmol) were added in 100.0 mL dioxane and refluxed for 6 hours of reaction time. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the product was obtained in n-hexane (Scheme 1).²²

 

 

Yield: 60%, m.p.: 220 ºC, Solubility: H₂O, CH₃OH, CH₃CH₂OH, and CHCl₃. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 45.2 (45.2); H, 5.7 (5.7) and N, 8.7 (8.8), theoretical values are given in the parenthesis. FTIR (KBr) cm^-1: OH: 3000-2600 b; CO (acetyl): 1770 mw; CO (carbonyl): 1730_asym,sp, 1610_sym msp; C-O (ether linkage): 1080 sp. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: OH: 9.7 s; H-2: 3.90 s; H-3: 2.35 s. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 169.22; C-2: 42.45; C-3: 171.90; C-4: 21.68. MS m/z: [HO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ M⁺ 159 (10%); [OCCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 142 (15%); [CH₂N(COCH₃)₂]^.+ 114 (100%); [CH₂N- (COCH₃)]⁺ 71 (27%); [CH₂NCH₃)]⁺ 56 (38%); [CH₂N]⁺28 (45%).

Synthesis of organotin(IV) complexes

Diorganotin(IV) complexes (1 and 2) have been synthesized by taking dibutyltin(1V) oxide and N,N-diacetylglycine in 2:1 (monomer) and 1:l (dimer) molar ratios in ethanol and toluene (3:1, v/v) with the azeotropical removal of water. The appropriate molar ratio (2:1/1:1) of silver salt of NNDAG and the corresponding organotin(IV) chloride were refluxed for 6 h in chloroform to synthesized compounds 3-7. The solvent were removed under vacuum. The synthesized compounds were recrystallized in different solvents. OTCs have been synthesized by adopting the procedures as cited in literature and given in Scheme 2.^2,15-17,23

 

 

The compounds are soluble in organic solvents and stable on room temperature. The analytical data is accordance to the proposed stoichiometric ratio of complexes.

Dibutyltin(IV)-di-N,N-diacetylglycine(monomer) (1): [(C₄H₉)₂Sn{O₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂}: N,N-diacetylglycine 1 g (6.29 mmol) was reacted with dibutyltin(IV) oxide 0.47 g (3.14 mmol) in 2:1 ratio in 66.0 mL ethanol and 33.0 mL toluene. Recrystallized in chloroform and ethanol in 1:2 ratio. Yield: 78%. m.p.: 202-204 ºC. Solubility: CH₃OH, CH₃CH₂OH, CHCl₃ and CCl_4. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 43.7 (43.7); H, 6.2 (6.2) and N, 5.8 (5.10), theoretical values are given in the parenthesis. FTIR (KBr) υ(cm^-1): CO(acetyl): 1765 mw; CO (carbonyl): 1620_asym,sp, 1470_sym msp; Δυ:150; C-O(ether linkage): 1025 sp; Sn-C: 517 w; Sn-O: 498 sp. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: H-2: 3.82 s; H-4: 2.35 s; H-a: 1.04 t (7); H-b: 1.59 m; H-c: 1.26 m; H-d: 0.90 t (7). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 172.73; C-2: 40.10; C-3: 168.50; C-4: 21.78; C-a: 23.50; C-b: 27.13; C-c: 26.48; C-d: 13.55. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR (CH₃)₄Sn:-190.35. MS m/z: [(C₄H₉)₂Sn{O₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]^.+ M⁺ 548 (4%); [(C₄H₉)Sn{O₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]⁺ 491 (53%); [(C₄H₉)₂Sn{O₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}]⁺ 390 (100%); [(C₄H₉)₂Sn{CH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}]^.+ 346 (37%); [Sn{O₂C-CH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]^.+ 400 (21%); [Sn{CH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]⁺ 312 (27%); [(C₄H₉)₂Sn]⁺232 (15%); [(C₄H₉)Sn]⁺ 175 (30%); [Sn/SnH]⁺ 119/120 (5%); [CH₃CH₂- CH₂]⁺ 43 (55%); [CH₃CH₂]⁺ 29 (33%); [CH₃] ⁺ 15 (14%).

Dibutyltin(IV)-di-stannoxane-di-N-acetylglycine (dimer) (2): [{(C₄H₉)₂SnO_2- CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂}₂O]₂: N,N-diacetylglycine1 g (6.29 mmol) was reacted with dibutyltin(IV) oxide 0.94 g (6.29 mmol) in 2:1 ratio in 66.0 mL ethanol and 33.0 mL toluene. Recrystallized in chloroform and n-hexane in 1:2 ratio. Yield: 72%. m.p.: 220 ºC. Solubility: CH₃OH, CH₃CH₂OH, CHCl₃ and CCl_4. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 41.3 (41.3); H, 6.4 (6.4) and N, 3.4 (3.4). FTIR (KBr) υ(cm^-1): CO (acetyl): 1755 w; CO (carbonyl): 1608_asym,sp, 1455_sym msp; υΔ: 143; C-O(ether linkage): 1018 sp; Sn-C: 522 m; Sn-O: 490 sp. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: H-2: 4.00 s; H-4: 2.36 s; H-a: 1.91 t (7); H-b: 1.61 m; H-c: 1.27 m; H-d: 0.94 t (7). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 173.73; C-2: 41.19; C-3: 170.44; C-4: 22.51; C-a: 29.50; C-b: 27.59; C-c: 26.63; C-d: 14.10. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR (CH₃)₄Sn: -210.4, -216.2. MS m/z: [{(C₄H₉)₂SnO₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂O]₂⁺ M⁺; [(C₄H₉)₂SnO₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂]⁺ 390 (58%); [(C₄H₉)₂SnCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂]^.+346 (38%); [(C₄H₉)SnO₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂]⁺ 333(16%); [SnO₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂]^.+ 276 (34%); [SnCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂]⁺ 232 (45%); [(C₄H₉)₂Sn]⁺ 229 (100%); [Sn/SnH]⁺ 119/120 (13%); [CH₃CH₂CH₂]⁺ 43 (70%); [CH₃CH₂]⁺ 29(27%); [CH₃]⁺ 15 (42%).

Dibenzyltin(IV)-di-N,N-diacetylglycine (3): [(C₆H₅CH₂)₂Sn{O₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂}₂]: N,N-diacetylglycine 1 g (6.29 mmol) and AgNO₃ 1.06 g (6.29 mmol) were reacted with dibenzyltin(IV) chloride 1.16 g (3.14 mmol) in 2:1 ratio in 100.0 mL chloroform. Recrystallized in chloroform and benzene in 1:2 ratio. Yield: 79%. m.p.: 166 ºC. Solubility: DMSO, CH₃OH, CH₃CH₂OH, CHCl₃ and CCl_4. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 50.5 (50.5); H, 4.9 (4.9) and N, 4.5 (4.5). FTIR (KBr) υ(cm^-1): CO (acetyl): 1760 m sp; CO (carbonyl): 1635_asym,sp, 1462_sym msp; Δυ: 173; C-O (ether linkage): 1032 m;Sn-C: 515 m; Sn-O: 505 w. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: H-2: 3.80 s; H-4: 2.10 s; H-a: 2.87 s; H-c: 7.05 t (7); H-d: 7.37 m; H-e: 7.80 t (7). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 171.34; C-2: 39.23; C-3: 169.89; C-4: 21.62; C-a: 20.14; C-b: 136.19; C-c: 127.60; C-d: 130.34; C-e: 125.53. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR (CH₃)₄Sn: -127.5. MS m/z (%): [(C₆H₅CH₂)₂Sn{(O₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]⁺ M⁺ 616 (7%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)Sn{O₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]⁺ 525 (77%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)₂Sn{O₂CCH₂N(CH_3- CO)₂}]^.+458 (100%); [Sn{O₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]⁺ 434 (10%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)₂Sn- {CH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}]⁺ 414 (57%); [Sn{CH₂N(CH₃CO)₂}₂]⁺ 346 (41%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)₂Sn]^.+ 300 (15%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)Sn]⁺ 209 (55%); [Sn/SnH]⁺ 119/120 (10%); [C₆H₅CH₂]⁺ 91 (48%); [C₆H₅]⁺ 77 (18%).

Tribenzyltin(IV)-N,N-diacetylglycine (4): [(C₆H₅CH₂)_3-SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]: N,N-diacetylglycine 1 g (6.29 mmol) and AgNO₃ 1.06 g (6.29 mmol) were reacted with tribenzyltin(IV) chloride 2.64 g (6.29 mmol) in 1:1 ratio in 100.0 mL chloroform. Recrystallized in chloroform and ethanol in 1:2 ratio. Yield: 82%. m.p.: 191 ºC. Solubility: (C₂H₅)₂O, CH₃CH₂OH and CHCl₃. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 58.9 (58.9); H, 5.3 (5.3) and N, 2.5 (2.5) the calculated values are in the parenthesis. FTIR (KBr) υ(cm^-1): CO (acetyl): 1753 m w; CO (carbonyl): 1660 _asym,sp, 1488_sym msp; Δυ: 188; C-O (ether linkage): 1050 m; Sn-C: 510 m; Sn-O: 498 w. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: H-2: 3.92 s; H-4: 2.25 s; H-a: 2.64 s; H-c: 7.73 t (7); H-d: 7.29 m; H-e: 7.91 t. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 168.66; C-2: 40.25; C-3: 170.35; C-4: 21.57; C-a: 19.87; C-b: 138.10; C-c: 129.18; C-d: 128.43; C-e: 124.93. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR (CH₃)₄Sn: -142.71. MS m/z: [(C₆H_5- CH₂)₃SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ M⁺ 549 (7%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)₂SnO_2-CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 458 (100%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)₃Sn]⁺ 391 (72%); [(C₆H_5- CH₂)SnO_2- CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]^.+ 367 (50%); [SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]^.+ 276 (40%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)_2-Sn]⁺300 (57 %); [SnCH₂N- (COCH₃)₂]⁺ 232 (45%); [(C₆H₅CH₂)- Sn]⁺ 209 (52%); [Sn/SnH]⁺ 119/120 (8%), [CH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 114 (38%); [C₆H₅CH₂]⁺ 91 (34%); [C₆H₅]⁺ 77 (12%); [CH₂N- (COCH₃)]⁺71 (30%).

Tributyltin(IV)-N,N-diacetylglycine (5): [(C₄H₉)₃SnO₂CCH₂N-(COCH₃)₂]: N,N-diacetylglycine 1 g (6.29 mmol) and AgNO₃ 1.06 g (6.29 mmol) were reacted with tributyltin(IV) chloride 2.04 g (6.29 mmol) in 1:1 ratio in 100.0 mL chloroform. Recrystallized in chloroform. Yield: 85%. m.p.: 105 ºC. Solubility: CH₃OH, CH₃CH₂OH, CHCl₃ and THF. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 48.2 (48.2); H, 7.8 (7.8) and N, 3.1 (3.1). FTIR (KBr) υ(cm^-1): CO (acetyl): 1765 m w; CO (carbonyl): 1674_asym,sp, 1515_sym msp; Δυ: 159; C-O (ether linkage): 1043 m; Sn-C: 517 m; Sn-O: 505 w. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: H-2: 3.77 s; H-4: 2.55 s; H-a: 0.76 t; H-b: 1.39 m; H-c: 1.25 m; H-d: 0.88 t (7). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 172.95; C-2: 40.11; C-3: 170.61; C-4: 21.71; C-a: 16.50; C-b: 27.12; C-c: 26.30; C-d: 13.56. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR (CH₃)₄Sn: 123.7. MS m/z: [(C₄H₉)₃SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ M⁺ 447 (4%); [C₄H₉)₂SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺390 (100%); [C₄H₉)SnO₂CCH₂ N(COCH₃)₂]⁺333 (35%); [C₄H₉)₃Sn]⁺ 289 (85%); [SnO_2- CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]^.+276 (39%); [(C₄H₉)₂Sn]⁺ 233 (22%); [SnCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]^.+232 (49%); [(C₄H₉)Sn]⁺ 175 (45%); [CH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺114 (37%); [Sn/SnH]⁺ 119/120 (5%); [CH₂N(COCH₃)]⁺71 (17%); [CH₃CH₂]⁺ 29 (25%); [CH₃]⁺ 15 (8%).

Triphenyltin(IV)-N,N-diacetylglycine (6): [(C₆H₅)₃SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]: N,N-diacetylglycine 1 g (6.29 mmol) and AgNO₃ 1.06 g (6.29 mmol) were reacted with triphenyltin(IV) chloride 2.42 g (6.29 mmol) in 1:1 ratio in 100.0 mL chloroform. Recrystallized in chloroform and ether in 1:2 ratio. Yield: 78%. m.p.: 126 ºC. Solubility: (C₂H₅)₂O, CH₃CH₂OH, CHCl₃ and THF. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 56.7 (56.7); H, 4.5 (4.5) and N, 2.7 (2.7), the calculated values are in the parenthesis. FTIR (KBr) υ(cm^-1): CO (acetyl): 1745 m w; CO (carbonyl): 1656_asym,sp, 1471_sym msp; Δυ: 185; C-O (ether linkage): 1027 m; Sn-C: 547 m; Sn-O: 512 w. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: H-2: 3.80 s;H-4: 2.78 s; H-b: 7.64. t (7); H-c: 7.28 m; H-d: 7.15 t (7). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 172.26; C-2: 40.73; C-3: 170.45; C-4: 21.37; C-a: 135.61; C-b: 133.54; C-c: 131.18; C-d: 130.39. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR (CH₃)₄Sn: -99.29. MS m/z: [(C₆H₅)₃SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ M⁺ 507 (5%); [(C₆H₅)₂SnO₂CCH_2-N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 430 (100%); [(C₆H₅)SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 353 (21%); [(C₆H₅)₃Sn]⁺ 349 (25%); [SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 276 (32%); [(C₆H₅)₂Sn]⁺ 272 (30%); [SnCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]^.+ 232 (38%); [CH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 114 (43%); [(C₆H₅)Sn]⁺ 195 (36%); [Sn/SnH]⁺ 119/120 (17%); [(C₆H₅)]⁺ 77 (24%).[CH₂N-(COCH₃)]⁺71 (17%).

Tricyclohexyltin(IV)-N,N-diacetylglycine (7): [(C₆H₁₁)_3-SnO₂CCH₂N(CH₃CO)₂]: N,N-diacetylglycine 1 g (6.29 mmol) and AgNO₃ 1.06 g (6.29 mmol) were reacted with tricylohexyltin(IV) chloride 2.64 g (6.29 mmol) in 1:1 ratio in 100.0 mL chloroform. Recrystallized in chloroform. Yield: 76%. m.p.: 112 ºC. Solubility: (C₂H₅)₂O, CH₃OH, CH₃CH₂OH and CHCl₃. CHN analysis (%) antipyrene: C, 54.7 (54.7); H, 7.8 (7.8) and N, 2.6 (2.6). FTIR (KBr) υ(cm^-1): CO (acetyl): 1747 mw; CO (carbonyl): 1645_asymsp, 1490_sym msp; Δυ: 155; C-O (ether linkage): 1035 m; Sn-C: 540 m; Sn-O: 518 w. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: H-2: 3.76 s; H-4: 2.81 s; H-a: 1.14. t (7); H-b: 1.35 m; H-c: 1.55 m; H-d: 1.81m. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: C-1: 172.17; C-2: 39.35; C-3: 168.71.; C-4: 21.57; C-a: 22.69; C-b: 28.89; C-c: 26.44; C-d: 25.50. ¹¹⁹Sn NMR (CH₃)₄Sn: 9.1. MS m/z: [(C₆H₁₁)₃SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ M⁺ 525 (3%); [(C₆H₁₁)₂SnO₂CCH₂N- (COCH₃)₂]⁺ 442 (100%); [(C₆H₁₁)₃Sn]⁺ 367 (75%); [(C₆H₁₁)SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 340 (44%); [(C₆H₁₁)₂Sn]⁺ 284 (52%); [SnO₂CCH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 276 (30%); [SnCH₂N- (COCH₃)₂]^.+ 232 (22%); [CH₂N(COCH₃)₂]⁺ 114 (27%); [C₆H₁₁Sn]⁺ 201 (42%); [Sn/SnH]⁺ 119/120 (15%); [C₆H₁₁]⁺ 83 (30%); [CH₂N(COCH₃)]⁺ 71 (11%).

Bioactivity studies

Antibacterial bioassay

For the purpose antibacterial activity, glassware was sterilized at 150 ºC for 20 minutes before use. The microbial specimens were accumulated as swabs of pus, blood, urine, sputum, siemen etc. from the Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH) of Bahawalpur. E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and S. typhi were isolated and used for the purpose of antibacterial activity. MacConkey agar (10.0 g) and C.L.E.D mediums (10.0 g) in 250.0 mL distilled water and autoclaved which is used for preparation of Petri plates. The strains were inoculated and incubated at 37 ºC. The ligand and OTCs methanolic solutions of 200 and 500 ppm were prepared. The pregnant discs were soaked in test solutions and dried and autoclaved as well. All the prepared petri plates were, incubated at 37 ºC for 24 h.

Insecticidal bioassay

Monomorium minimum, mealybug and tribolium castaneum insects were selected to determine % toxicity rate as per reported method.¹⁵ While in vitro LD₅₀ values were analyzed by Probit statistical method.²¹

Brine shrimp bioassay

The lethality assays on the OTCs were carried out. LD₅₀ was determined according to the literature.²⁴

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

FTIR study

FTIR successfully employed to verify 2:1 molar ratio of acetyl chloride and glycine respectively. The 3500-3100 cm^-1 region was remained transparent for N-H moiety that is the indication of N,N-protection of glycine by acetyl groups whereas the OH broad band appeared at 3000-2600 cm^-1 and C-H stretching of CH₃ of acetyl group occurred at 2961 cm^-1. The important υ(CO)_sym. υ(CO)_asym. υ(Sn-C), and υ(Sn-O) were observed in the region as reported in the literature.²⁴ The reaction among {R₂Sn- (IV)}²⁺/{R₃Sn(IV)}⁺ and ligand was confirmed by the absence of the broad band of υ(OH) at 3000-2600 cm^-1 showing the de-protonation of free ligand and presence of υ(Sn-O) in the range of 520-400 cm^-1 given the indication of ligand metal complexation.^25-29 The involvement of the COO group in the coordination can be concluded by the shifting of υ(COO) band of the complexes to lower wave number as compared to that of the free ligand.³⁰ The difference between the υ(COO)_asym and υ(COO)_sym bands, Δυ(COO) of bidentate carboxylate group is below 200 cm^-1 while unidentate carboxylate is above 200 cm^-1.³¹ The characteristic υ(COO)_asym and υ(COO)_sym vibrations of the carboxylic group appeared at 1655 ± 20 and 1490 ± 20 cm^-1, respectively, for tri-organotin(IV) complexes 4-7. The Δυ(COO) vibrations values are about 170 ± 15 cm^-1 indicating the covalent bonding of the metal-oxygen bond.³² The increasing of asymmetric and decreasing of symmetric stretching values of compounds than ligand while Δυ in the complexes was also larger than the Δυ of ligand, suggested that SnR₃ groups are bidentate coordinated to the oxygen of COO group of NNDAG which is also similar to the reported general pattern of coordination: υ_asym(OTCs) < υ_asym(ligand)υ_sym(OTCs) < υ_{sym (ligand)}Δυ_(OTCs) > Δυ _(ligand).^16,33,34 The Sn-C stretching frequency at 510, 517, 547, and 540 cm^-1 for benzyl, butyl, phenyl and cyclohexyl groups suggested the presence of all three organic groups in the equatorial positions of the polymeric trigonal bipyramidal structure in Figure 1.^34,35

 

 

The characteristic υ(CO)_asym. and υ(CO)_sym. vibration of monomeric compounds 1 and 3 appeared at 1620±15 and 1462±8 cm^-1, respectively,^33-35 while Δυ value of CO was < 200 cm^-1 exhibit bidentate bonding to NNDAG with trans-octahedral geometry (Figure 2).^16,36 Very sharp band at 634 cm^-1 of compound 2 recommend Sn-O-Sn-O ring dimeric networking with endo and exo Sn(IV) atoms that proposed the hexa coordination geometry given in Figure 3 and the general observed pattern for υCO in accordance with literature is as follow: υ_asym(comp.)<υ_asym(lig.), <υ_sym(comp.) <υ_sym(lig.), Δυ_(comp.)>Δυ _(lig.). ^15,16,36

 

 

 

 

¹H NMR study

The CH₃CO protons of NNDAG resonated at 2.30-1.5 ppm and O-H proton shifted at downfield region 11.3 ppm indicating the N,N-protected of glycine. Interestingly no N-H chemical shift was observed in the ¹H NMR spectra of ligand. It is facile and more convenient route that can be used to protect glycine at NN site is not found in the literature. The ¹H NMR study of OTCs (1-7) successfully verified their synthesis by de-protonation of NNDAG ligand and no chemical shift was found at downfield for carboxylic acid proton. All data is given in experimental part. The -CH₂ chemical shifting is found at 3.71-4.00 ppm while CH₂ of benzyl at 2.64-2.87 ppm is seen as reported.^16,36-39 The proton signal of phenyl, cyclohexyl and aromatic proton of benzyl were found at range 7.32-8.23 ppm. Two molar stoichiometric ratio of NNDAG was used to synthesize OTCs 1, and 3 are confirmed by ¹H NMR data and the literature evidences supported octahedral geometry (Figure 2).^31,40

In case of compounds 2 the endo- and exocyclic Sn(IV) centers were difficult to identify as reported in literature because there is no distinct signals of butyl group attached to endo- and exocyclic tin(IV) centers giving the equal status to endo and exo tin(IV) centers.^16,17,41,42 It is obviously due to six coordination sites of each endo and exotin(IV) atom with chemically equivalent nature. Hence it might be purposed that dimer have a ladder topology with sinusoidal view from one unit to other that linked with each other through oxygen atom of carboxylate of one unit to Sn(IV) atom of other unit as we reported previously and shown in Figure 3.^15,31

For triorganotin(IV) compounds (TOTCs) 4-7, the ¹H NMR spectra (data can be seen in experimental part) show the chemical shift that verifying the tetrahedral structure in CDCl₃ solvent and established the coordination of oxygen of carboxylic group to tin(IV) centers (Figure 4) with support of literature as well.^41,42

 

 

¹³C NMR study

The ¹³C NMR spectra of NNDAG data can be seen in experimental part. According to Scheme 1, all the carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, 4 were resonated at the specified chemical shifts as reported in the literature.^16,17,31 The C-1of COOH gave ¹³C signal at 169.22 ppm and whereas the C-4 of CH₃ at 21.68 ppm is confirming the synthesis of NNDAG. All the OTCs have COO values at down field up to 173.73 ppm as well confirmed carboxylate carbon (C-1) bonding to tin(IV) atom. The ¹³C chemical shift of butyl, phenyl, benzyl and cyclohexyl (C-a, C-b, C-c, C-d, C-e) were observed at range 13.55-27.13, 130-140 and 22-30 ppm, respectively.^16,17,41

¹¹⁹Sn NMR study

The ¹¹⁹Sn chemical shifts of the tribenzyl-, tributyl-, triphenyl-, and tricyclohexyl-tin(IV) carboxylates were at -142.71, 123.7, -99.29, and 71.21 ppm indicating a tetrahedral environment.^43,44 While dibutyl- and dibenzyl-tin(IV) complexes exhibited ¹¹⁹Sn chemical shift at -190.35 and -238.32 ppm respectively confirming the trans octahedral arrangement (Figure 2).⁴⁵ While pair of ¹¹⁹Sn resonance peaks of equal intensities at -210.4 and -216.2 were confirming the endo- and exo-cylic status of tin(IV) respectively that substantiated the sinusoidal view of compound 2 given in Figure 3.^15,23

Mass spectral study

Molecular ion peak at m/z 159 is the actual mass of ligand NNDAG is true evidence of existence of two moles of acetyl groups at N terminal of glycine is the most important step toward synthesis of NNDAG through this new and facile route to protect N terminal. In the organotin(IV) derivatives major fragmentation was observed due to the loss of the ligand moiety from the tin(IV) derivatives. Successive loss of R groups (Bu, Bz, Ph) during fragmentation was happened until the Sn⁴⁺ ion was resulted. In an alternative route, R groups were eliminated first and next one molecule of CO₂ removed as per revealed in literature.^23,46 Further, the remaining substituents were defragmented on same pattern as given in Schemes 3 and 4.

 

 

 

 

Antibacterial activity

The results related to antibacterial activity is given in Table 1. The OTCs 4, 5, 6 and 7 (500 ppm) is promising more than two fold activity than the standard antibiotic enoxacin (1000 ppm). The compounds 1, 2 and 3 reflected good activity at 500 ppm dose whereas the NNDAG is too less promise as given in selected petri plate of E. coli (Figure 5) and the comparative zone of inhibition of OTCs 1-7 versus bacterial strains is given in Figure 6. It is obvious that promising property of OTCs (4, 5, 6 and 7) is due to tetrahedral geometry of tin(IV) atom that bears CO oxygen free for coordinate with corresponding metal ions of enzymatic system of strains as well the tin(IV) metal ions has more vacant coordination site to block the metabolites to protein synthesis along with ribosomal sub units of bacterial strains.^47-50 From this study following trend of OTCs may be concluded for the antibacterial inhibition: TOTCs (alkyl) > TOTCs (aryl) > dimer > monomer > ligand.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Insecticide activity

The OTCs 4 and 5 have excellent activity against M. minimum and T. castaneum but remained insignificant against Mealy bug. The LD₅₀ value and the results are given in Table 2.

 

 

Cytotoxicity study

Cytotoxicity was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality assay (Table 3). LD₅₀ of all compounds were carried out against brine shrimp larvae using standard statistical procedure Probit analysis. OTCs 4, 5 and 7 were found to be active.

 

 

 

CONCLUSIONS

A new series of monomeric organotin(IV) esters 1, 3 dimeric organotin(IV) esters 2 and triorganotin(IV) esters 4-7, were synthesized with N,N-diacetylglycine. All the complexes were more active than the ligand and some were even more active than standard used. The following trend may be concluded for the antibacterial inhibition; OTCs (alkyl) > OTCs (aryl) > monomeric organotin(IV) esters > monomer organotin(IV) esters > ligands, the bacterial strains were inhibited as: E. coli > P. aeruginosa > K. pneumonia > S. typhi. While the rate of toxicity and LD₅₀ values have following order: T. castaneum > M. minimium > Mealybug in cotton plant. LD₅₀ against Brine Shrimp larvae were found to be active for dimer and inactive for monomer while OTCs esters have very narrow range of LD₅₀ values of 3-10 µg/mg.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to Department of Chemistry (Inorganic Ph. D. Lab) The Islamia University of Bahawalpur-Pakistan for providing all research facilities. HEJ Research Institute, University of Karachi for spectroscopic analysis and Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur for antibacterial activities are gratefully acknowledged. Gildardo Rivera Sánchez wish to thank the financial support received from the Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas (COFAA-Instituto Politécnico Nacional), and the Programa de Estímulos al Desempeño de los Investigadores (EDI-Instituto Politécnico Nacional).

 

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